Go with the Flow

Following North Carolina's Groundwater 

From the Mountains to the Coast

(Stopping in my back yard to check out my town and the local campground.)

Boone, NC

    In North Carolina the flow of groundwater is kind of complicated. Water moves from areas in the mountains, like the Appalachian temperate rain forest, through a layer of weathered rock and soil, called the regolith, into cracks in the crystalline bedrock to the aquifer underneath. The water flows through the fractures and emerges as springs and streams in the lower elevations.

NC rivers 1830

 The creeks and rivers flow through the Piedmont Plateau picking up sediment, eventually crossing into the Coastal Plane at what is called the fall line, where the hard bedrock of the Piedmont shifts to the softer coastal formation and the rivers have rapids and waterfalls.The rivers pick up more sediment as they travel through the permeable sand hills and swamps, eventually depositing this sediment to help form NC’s distinct coast line. Groundwater in the Coastal region is absorbed from creeks, rivers, and swamps. The interaction with the ocean has created a complex freshwater-saltwater transition within the coastal aquifers.

    I’ve written about the Cape Fear region a couple of times. And I have mentioned how the Cape Fear River has its beginnings far from the coast. In fact, the Cape Fear is a great example of how NC’s watersheds work. The Cape Fear river begins in Haywood, close to the Chatham and Lee county line where the Deep River meets the Haw just south of its exit from Jordan Lake. These are rivers that begin with springs in the Piedmont. The area where these rivers begin has head springs which feed many rivers. There are megacrystic features and intrusions of granite from the Paleozoic Era, what that means in plain English is that the terrain in this area has cracks or veins in the rock bed where past geological events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or other plate movement pushed large crystalline rocks and older granite up into the younger bedrock. These intrusions give groundwater a flow path both to and from the aquifer and thus many springs can be found in areas with this type of unique geology. 

    The Deep River actually has multiple head springs, the East Fork of the Deep River begins in the Sandy Ridge area near the runway of the Piedmont Triad International Airport. The West Fork begins in Kernersville near the intersection of two major highways. (Runoff mitigation has been a continuing issue at these headwaters.) The West Fork flows south to High Point where it feeds the man made Oak Hollow Lake (where I live). It exists Oak Hollow at a controlled dam and flows across the northeast side of High Point into City Lake. The East Fork flows from Sandy Ridge through northeastern High Point and then into City Lake. The two become one as they exit this lake headed southeast. The river leaves Guilford County near Jamestown where it heads through Kersey Valley into Randleman Lake Reservoir. From there the river flows south through Randolph county from Randleman northeast of Asheboro. It winds eastward to Franklinville, then at Ramseur it heads south until High Falls where the river moves west and northwest along the fall line. 

    The region where the river runs in a counter intuitive direction is significant geologically, not just because of the fall line. The Deep River coal field is an area of Triassic rocks stretching 36 miles along the river in Chatham, Lee, and Moore Counties. In the age of dinosaurs there was a vast swamp along an ancient river. As swamps tend to do, decaying plant matter formed layers of peat in the humid dense environment. Over huge amounts of time shifts in plates and other events changed the landscape and large amounts of sediment flowed down and gathered in the area where the river turns. The pressure of the massive layers of sediment created the perfect situation to turn the peat into coal. For 200 years people have attempted to dig this coal out of the ground. Deep River is NC’s only commercial coal bed. The coal industry is extremely dangerous and many tragedies are associated with mines. Over time the abundance of illness, death, and mishap creates a need for explanation in the human mind. As we often do, people created legends to place blame somewhere that would give them the opportunity to feel like they could continue working and create superstitious ways to protect themselves. It was a way to rationalize a terrible industrial human rights travesty without placing blame on the industrialists. In NC's coal mines, it came in the form of a demon. The Deep River coal field is cursed by this disturbed demon, and many have lost their lives in his clutches.

    As the river leaves the coal fields and drops onto the flatter plain to the east of the fall line, just north of Sanford. Southeast of Pittsboro, it joins the Haw River, just below the Haw's emergence from Jordan Lake.

Mermaid Point

     The area where the two rivers converge to form the Cape Fear River is called Mermaid Point. Legend says that mermaids would swim up the Cape Fear River from its mouth seeking the fresh water source. (Click HERE for more on Mermaids of the Cape Fear)

    

    Of course, Native Americans lived along the river for thousands of years. Europeans were settling in the Deep River basin from the Virginia or Pennsylvania colonies during the 1700's. The town I live in developed later with industrialization and improvements in transportation. First in the area was James Mendenhall, a Quaker like many who were moving to the area, received a land grant in 1762 in the place that is still called Jamestown. He built a gristmill and a sawmill on the river.

Mendenhall Home

His heirs built a home and by the 1800's the Jamestown Quaker’s had a thriving community. However, in 1851 the North Carolina Railroad built its tracks to the south of Jamestown instead of through it. The placement of the railroad was hotly debated at the time. It’s location would be a boom for whatever community was closest. At the railroad’s highest point it intersected NC’s Great Plank Road. This intersection was incorporated in 1859, becoming High Point. The area's location was ideal for trade because of the transportation hub. People in the area grew tobacco, cotton, and produced furniture from the vast hard wood forests of the western Piedmont and foothills.

High Point, 1913

By 1889 High Point had its first furniture factory. In the next ten years thirteen more furniture factories and a handful of textile mills turned High Point into a bustling industrial town. In 1905 NC held its first furniture exposition, the Southern Furniture Exposition Building was built in 1921. It was ten floors and 249,000 square feet. Throughout the 1920’s the furniture industry continued to grow, as did High Point. The city purchased the land that had been the original Mendenhall site along the river, and tore down all the structures.

They built a dam to create City Lake, a reservoir for drinking water as well as recreation. City Lake Park has a number of amenities; a large swimming pool with a water slide, grills, picnic tables, shelters, a merry-go-round, miniature golf, and the 340-acre lake. Of course my memories from childhood are of the miniature train that goes around for taking in scenic views of the lake. Also back then there was an old fire truck that kids could play on.

I love kitchy roadside stops and furniture city has a few. High Point chamber of commerce built the world's largest chest of drawers in 1926 to showcase the towns industries, furniture and textiles. Neighboring Thomasville, not to be out done, created the world's largest chair.  The chair has been re-titled, the largest Duncan Phyfe Chair, after the famous man who designed the chair and many others. 

    The Piedmont is home to the original Krispi Kreme Doughnut shops and though the store on main street has been rebuilt to modern standards, they have kept the vintage neon sign. 
    

    Oak Hollow Lake, High Point, NC is a relatively new man-made lake. The dam on the West Fork or West Prong of the Deep River was completed in 1971. A larger water source and recreation facility for a booming international city. High Point was becoming a global center for furniture sales and manufacturing. Of course the 1980's and 90's deregulation of global trade led to deals with countries where labor and natural resources were cheaper. Many manufacturers moved plants to other countries. This changed the economic outlook for towns like High Point. No longer booming much of High Point's growth today is centered around the University, though furniture market is still the main economic driver. 

Oak Hollow Lake happens to be my back yard. Well almost. There is a campground, a marina, a playground, and picnic areas just a short drive down the street. I had never really utilized this beautiful place until recently. Last spring I started taking the kids I babysit to the lake side playground. It is beautiful. I hope to plan a camping trip to one of their lakeside spots as our first attempt at camping with the baby. (Safely less than a mile from home.)  I will post about it for sure!

Unto These Hills

 KOA Cherokee, NC

Google Image Search

(I do not own any of the images in this post.)

⛺ Tent camping

🏡 Cabins

🚌 RV camping

🚿 Showers

🚽 Bathrooms

💧 Water

⚡ Electricity

🚙 Drive up access

KOA

    During my rebellious youth I turned my nose up at campgrounds like KOA. I thought I was too cool to camp with bathrooms and electricity, and because I had camped there as a child, I thought it was for families and old people. Haha, now I am the old person with a family. I still like to rough it occasionally, but now I realize there is something to be said about a campground with amenities. Especially when it's in a location with loads of interesting things to do and beautiful sites to see. 

 

Cherokee, NC certainly has lots to do and see. The story of this land and its people has literally become the stuff of legends. Everyone you meet in the southeast has a story about a ‘Cherokee princess’ that was their great great auntie. People scoff at this, and brush it off as southern mythology, but it is a common occurrence in places that have experienced genocide. To escape death, people assimilate and after a few generations they lose their cultural and racial identities. 

    

The town of Cherokee is part of the Qualla Boundary, a land trust owned by the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians in western North Carolina.The land is mountainous and densely wooded. The town sits in the Oconaluftee River Valley.

    Cherokee people or their ancestors have lived there for thousands of years, once controlling 40,000 square miles. The dense woodland and steep terrain in the mountains helped protect some of them from the initial invasions of Europeans.

According to legend first contact occurred when an ancestral town was visited by Spanish Conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1540, it wasn’t a pleasant experience. 

    The Cherokee were the largest tribe in the southeast at the time of English colonization. The coastal elites had no interest in pioneering the rugged mountain terrain and it wasn’t until the 1750's that poor second or third generation German and Scotch-Irish immigrants began moving to the mountains from Virginia and Pennsylvania colonies. A group of working class Scotch-Irish immigrated directly from Europe just before the Revolution. All of these pioneers were brought to the area by the cheap land as the new colonial upper class had driven up real estate prices.     

    The Cherokee were experienced traders and had already created a thriving economy shared between the eastern tribes. They led these tribes into trade, military alliances, and real estate negotiations with the Europeans, leading to the nickname of the civilized tribes. (Clearly, it should go without saying, how terrible it is that people had to change their way of life to fit the western idea of what was considered 'civilized' when it was their civilization that had existed on the land for thousands of years prior.)

    The English, who were developing the Carolina colonies, notoriously cheated the tribes. Then the Cherokee lost another large portion of their land holdings after choosing the losing side in the Revolutionary War. The Cherokee adapted to their new economic reality and began to further assimilate, they created an American style government structure and colonial style homesteading.

    Despite their efforts, in the 1830's increased desire for land resulted in the Indian Removal Act which led to the atrocity known as the Trail of Tears. 16,000 Cherokee were evicted from their homes by the United States military and forced to travel a grueling 116 day journey to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. 4,000 died. 

    A small number of the tribe secreted themselves in the mountains and were able to avoid removal. 

    

NC conducted the country's first geological and mineralogical survey in 1839 as the first gold rush brought a new influx of commercial mining to the state. This further fueled westward expansion along with logging and the railroad.

During the Civil War the Cherokee who managed to stay on ancestral land in the Great Smokies joined with Scott-Irish highlanders in an attempt to impede the Union’s progression southward.  After the war large scale timber operations owned by wealthy outsiders milled wood for the state’s budding furniture industry. 

    In the 1870's, The Eastern Band of Cherokee were able to purchase (yes, buy back a tiny percentage of their own land from the people who stole it.) about 50,000 acres of the land in the river valley, which the federal government eventually recognized as the Qualla Boundary.

    At the end of the rapid industrialization of the 1800's, that led to the wealth of the Gilded Age, the laissez faire attitude of the government when it came to regulations began to show its consequences, mining and lumber industries stripped much of America of its beautiful natural resources. Early environmentalists and outdoors enthusiasts took notice, and finally so did congress, who passed several acts to insure the continuous availability of natural resources.

     

    In 1911 the Weeks Act allowed the federal government to buy land for preservation of watersheds and timber lands in the national interest. The goal still wasn’t preservation in the modern environmentalist definition but preservation for responsible use, government maintenance, or control, of natural resources and transportation corridors. Under The Weeks Act, the government began purchasing land in the mountains of NC and Tenn. Land that had once belonged to the Cherokee.

    Some of the Gilded Age wealth began to trickle down as the philanthropist children of industrialists became interested in nature, or at least, their purified version of it; carefully planned, developed and preserved as parks, with public restrooms, and a modern road system complete with scenic overlooks.

Edith Vanderbilt, sold 86,700 acres of their Biltmore Estate in 1914 to the government for the Pisgah National Forest, which was officially established two years later as one of the first created under the Weeks Act. Click HERE for more about the Vanderbilt's.

    Cherokee National Forest in east Tenn, and Nantahala National Forest in southwestern NC were established in 1920. Nantahala means land of the noonday sun in Cherokee because the forest is so dense that the sun only reaches the woodland floor at high noon. The National Park Service, created in 1916, made it publicly known that they were interested in creating a park somewhere in the eastern United States. Congress authorized the creation of the park in 1926, but there wasn’t any money allocated to the project.

Philanthropist heir to the Standard Oil fortune, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. gave $5 million. The government was convinced to put up $2 million. Investors from NC and TN began purchasing land and evicting the remaining timber and mining operations. This displaced families who were living in the small communities run by these companies. Many of the native families moved to Cherokee land. 

    

The Great Smokies National Park was established in 1934. 

    During the Great Depression, the CCC, the WPA and other New Deal organizations built the park's infrastructure and gave jobs to those left behind by the removal of industry. Some Cherokee opened boarding houses for the workers. In 1940 it was finally officially chartered as a National Park. 

    This began a new chapter for the Eastern Band Cherokee; the creation of an economy totally reliant on tourism. Not just ecotourism, Americans were traveling to the park for the beauty of the mountains, but they were also drawn by their curiosity and romanticism of Native culture. Families displaced or jobless from the creation of the park began to cater to the tourists. Those who had run boarding houses opened inns, or rented small cabins along the river.

    

    

    The post WWII era in America gave way to a pop culture explosion. Hollywood loved the story of the ‘cowboys and indians’.

Cherokee became a mecca for kitschy roadside stops, drawing in crowds of tourists with flashy neon signs, giant sculptures, and tee-pees, (the Cherokee built log homes, not tee-pees). There is a 25 foot tall shirtless Indian (Currently in storage pending relocation, stay tuned for an update on him.)

The old inns were advertised with rustic frontier style signage, or cartoon symbols associated with Native American people. The new motels had modern neon signs and swimming pools. Gift shops and animal attractions had billboards and totem poles, (the Cherokee did not historically have totem poles).

    That’s the Cherokee that I vividly remember from my childhood. A place with a surreal quality to it that at the time I didn't understand. Philosopher Jean Baudrillard would have said it was an example of the hyper real, the real was replaced by reproductions that were disconnected from the reality of the original thing. The age of industrial expansion in America created a commercialized version of reality where everything became like Disneyland. (Click HERE for my post explaining Disneyfication.)

 

   “Chief Henry”, ‘the most photographed Indian in the world’ greeted tourists at the strip of souvenir shops for 60 years. He sold his image, families would line up to pay to have their pictures taken with him bare chested wearing a headdress. He died of lung cancer in his 70's.

     I remember the street corner chiefs. For a dollar they'd pose for a picture with you. I also remember squealing with delight as I put quarters into the animal arcades to watch chickens, ducks, and rabbits perform tricks like dancing or playing tiny instruments. 

I got in trouble once when I was very young because I got away from my parents inside the souvenir shop and ended up walking out to the bear attraction. They found me there, staring down at a sad skinny bear in a concrete pit resembling a small swimming pool. Cherokee had three bear attractions back then, all of which have come under scrutiny from animal activists and pressure from tribal leaders.  

    Although the animal attractions may no longer be a tourist draw, some of the original roadside sites are still around. It is truly an Instaworthy town. There are still countless atomic era motel signs. 

    One of my strangest memories of Cherokee in the 1980's was lit by the neon of one of these signs. We were camping in a tent by a river in the KOA campground with mom, her best friend and her son. The first night it was very cold, throughout the next day it got even colder. As the sun began to set beyond the mountains it started snowing. The moms broke down the tent while the kids sat in the running car. We drove to the nearest motel. It was pink. Heck it was literally called the Pink Motel. 

It was not in the best shape, everything was from the sixties. But the sign had Tinker Bell on it and it had heat. There was a color tv. An earthquake had hit California and Johnny Carson wasn’t on. Instead it was terrifying images kids our age probably shouldn’t have been watching. The moms turned it off. Pink neon from the sign lit the room all night and I couldn't sleep. I stared at the popcorn ceiling, the shag carpet, and the pink door with all it’s locks. It was scarred, like someone had repeatedly thrown their knife into it. 

The Pink Motel is still there and has been updated. The sign is a popular stop for photography.

    Everyone jokes about the myths of Indian Princesses, but The Pink Motel was built by an Indian Queen. Lois Queen Farthing was born to an English father and a Cherokee mother who had cabin rentals for tourists after being displaced by the park. Her Cherokee grandparents had run a boarding house for the CCC. They raised her to be a strong independent business woman who first opened a hotel with a restaurant and gift shop at the age of 23. When she opened the Pink Motel her daughter wanted Tinker Bell on the sign, and it became a landmark. She was very civic minded and became integral in bringing the Unto These Hills performance to the area, the outdoor drama about Cherokee history which has now been seen by over six million people. 

   

    There are plenty of camping options and loads of motels in the Cherokee area, but I definitely want to plan another trip to the KOA. They have river side sites with electricity and water hookups. Tent campers and all sizes of RVs welcome. Next time I'm going when there is no chance of snow!